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X(A23)10X:X2(X2)XX12L!"L235O2V15C":X10X10:X230X2302"Z2T2:CC0T2T2(11)6:T214T214:T2157T21572#(T,T2)(T20,T220),C,:(T2CC,Z2)(T9CD,Z220),B,:"N1":T2Z2 (T6CD,T220)(T14CD,T223),B,3>$(X1B,Y1),4,0:(XB4,Y4)(XB4,Y4),A,:T1(65280):CO0393%(T1126T1254)BUBU1:BU0GZ,G:(63,177)(X,Y5),:(193,177)(X,Y5),:(63,177)(X,Y5),:(193,177)(X,Y5),:"V31O4AC":(BU6,0)(BU66,6),,BF:GZ,0:(XB,Y)0494 &BU1CO0:624'CC1RD(RS):RD3(T20,T211)(255,T29),,BF:"O1V31AB":(T20,T211),,BF:"O1CA":3:(246,T210),5,6B,.5:44(5*)SASA1:(T2CC,Z2)(T9CD,Z220),B,:3,1:1,1:BM$"C"(6B)"BM249,"(Z219):BM$"L2U12L6U3ER9FDFDL4D12":(250,Z26),6B,6B:(2008SA,185),2,6B5W*4,1:1,1:I12:10,1:5,1::SASM 305+3:R1902:(253,T23),R3,6B:"V"((R3.5))"O1L15C":R:I11000::1,5:3,5:1,55,PTHS HSPT6Q-:@165,"YOU DESTROYED"SC"SHIPS":@197,"YOUR SCORE IS"PT:@229,"HIGH SCORE IS"HS:@323,"DO YOU WANT TO TRY AGAIN?":@363,""6p.A$:A$"Y"9:A$"N"6/(65280)126(65280)254960467I1PTPTP1:SCSC1:M13:(T1,T2)(T21,T220),C,:J170:J:(T,T2)(T20,T220),C,:(XB,Y),4,1:190,3:210,3:M:(34,182)(38,188),,BF:(SC10(SC10))SC06372"BM34,182"DT$(DT):DTDT1:I110::(T1,T2)(T21,T220),C,:(XB,Y),4,1:J1150::R0102:20R20,1:(T10,T210),R,1:R:I1500:I:(T2,T2)(T21,T220),B,83 I& 200,30000&6:" OWL-WARE DISK SYSTEM":&X" PICK ONE OPTION BELOW"&(:"1) DRIVES SET UP AS 0/2 AND 1/3"&2"2) DRIVES SET UP AS 0/1 AND 2/3"&<:" ENTER EITHER 1 OR 2";A&FA1M"OWLDOS"::M"OWLDOS2":&P200,&H7FFF& 200,30000&6:" OWL-WARE DISK SYSTEM":&X" PICK ONE OPTION BELOW"&(:"1) DRIVES SET UP AS 0/2 AND 1/3"&2"2) DRIVES SET UP AS 0/1 AND 2/3"&<:" ENTER EITHER 1 OR 2";A&FA1M"OWLDOS"::M"OWLDOS2":&P200,&H7FFFu0P쁷%B0'u uAB``큌&u' %ֆ >>d݈9OWLDOS`DOUBLEmSIDED`DISK`ACCESS```OWLmWARE`1985؟M׬#֖u0L-WARE DISK TUTOR, WE WILL MENTION A FEW NEW COMMANDS WHICH DID NOT FIT IN THE PREVIOUS LESSONS. ONE IMPORTANT COMMAND IS THE VERIFY COMMAND: verify on TURNS ON VERIFY DURING DISK SAVES verify off TURNS OFF VERIFY WITH VERIFY, YOUR DISK SAVES ARE SLOWER BUT MORE SURE. PAUSE THERE ARE 2 RELATED COMMANDS THAT ARE IN RS COCO BASIC AND IN NO OTHER BASIC: dski$ x,y,z,a$,b$ AND dsko$ x,y,z,a$,b$. THESE COMMANDS ARE USED FOR DIRECT ACCESS OF SECTIONS OF THE DISK ITSELF. do not use these commands until you understand them!!! READ YOUR BASIC MANUAL FOR DETAILS OF THESE COMMANDS. STOP OTHER BASIC: dski$ x,y,z,a$,b$ AND dsko$ x,y,z,a$,b$. THESE COMMANDS ARE USED FOR DIRECT ACCESS OF SECTIONS OF THE DISK ITSELF. do not use these com& 100,10000:M"VERIFY":& 2a56909/9ofogdo'@ &j& 4-&ja 0+ "iXIiXIXIihj&ma'O_hh2b95b,52dn"9d9@d#* O_d9: b&me'-2e2a5gdhf9hdfXIXIfDVZ砦 cload COMMANDS FROM TAPE BASIC. PAUSE NOTE THAT THE EXTENSION AND DRIVE NUMBERS ARE OPTIONAL IF YOU ARE USING THE DEFAULT OF THE bas EXTENSION FOR BASIC AND DRIVE0 FOR THE DRIVE. ONE NEW COMMAND MAY BE OF INTEREST. IF YOU WISH TO CHANGE THE DEFAULT DRIVE NUM- BER, USE THE DRIVE COMMAND: drive x WHERE x IS NEW DEFAULT DRIVE PAUSE IF YOU WISH TO SAVE THE PRO- GRAM IN ASCII INSTEAD OF BIN- ARY, USE FORM AS FOLLOWS: save"filename",a. (THE EXTENSION bas IS UNDER- STOOD) AS WAS INDICATED DURING LES- SON3, TO SAVE AND LOAD MACHINE PROGRAMS YOU USE THE SAVEM AND LOADM COMMANDS WHICH CORRES- POND TO CSAVEM AND CLOADM FROM TAPE BASIC. PAUSE THE COMPLETE FORM OF THESE COMMANDS ARE: savem"filename:x",a,b,c OR loadm"filename:x",a,b,c (THE EXTENSION bin IS UNDER- STOOD) WHERE: a IS THE BEGINNING LOCATION IN MEMORY OF THE PROGRAM b IS THE ENDING LOCATION c IS THE STARTING POINT PAUSE THE OPPOSITE OF SAVING IS KILLING. THE SYNTEX OF THE KILL COM- MAND IS: kill"filename/ext:x" WITH THE KILL COMMAND, THE EXTENSION IS NOT UNDERSTOOD AND MUST BE INCLUDED. THE DE- FAULT DRIVE IS STILL UNDER- STOOD. THERE IS NO unkill COMMAND!! PAUSE IF YOU WISH TO CHANGE THE NAME OF A FILE, YOU USE THE RENAME COMMAND. AN EXAMPLE IS: rename"file1/ext:x"to"file2/ext :x" FOR THE RENAME COMMAND, THE EXTENSION IS NEVER UNDERSTOOD AND MUST BE USED. NOTE THAT THE DRIVE NUMBERS CANNOT BE CHANGED. PAUSE THIS COMPLETES THE REVIEW OF THE DISK BASIC COMMANDS. FOR THE REMAINDER OF THIS LESSON, WE WILL DISCUSS THE DISK FILE COMMANDS BRIEFLY. BECAUSE THESE COMMANDS ARE ALMOST THE SAME AS PROVIDED TAPE FILES, A DETAILED DIS- CUSSION WAS NOT CONSIDERED NECESSARY. PAUSE IT IS SUGGESTED THAT YOU RE- VIEW THAT PORTION OF THE RS MANUAL DEALING WITH TAPE FILES. FROM TAPE BASIC, THE COMMAND TO OPEN A FILE IS: open "t",#-1,"filename/ext" WHERE t IS THE TYPE OF FILE ACTION TO BE TAKEN: "O" MEANS OPEN FOR OUTPUT to THE TAPE FILE PAUSE "I" MEANS OPEN FOR INPUT from THE TAPE FILE AND "D" MEANS OPEN FOR DIRECT FILE I/O THE EXTENSION FOR ASCII FILES IS USUALLY /DAT FOR DATA. THE #-1 IS FOR DEVICE -1, THE TAPE DRIVE FOR DISK FILES THE DEVICE IS A NUMBER BETWEEN 1 AND 15. PAUSE TO START UP FILE ACCESS, THERE IS A FILE COMMAND: files x,y WHERE x IS THE NUMBER OF FILES AND y IS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF BYTES IN A BUFFER WHEN YOU START THE COMPUTER THERE IS AN AUTOMATIC FILES2,256 SET ASIDE. PAUSE A TIP HERE MAY BE USEFUL: IF YOU DO NOT PLAN TO USE FILE I/O, A FILES0,0 COMMAND WILL RELEASE AN ADDITIONAL 256 BYTES TO BASIC. IF YOU NEED MORE THAN 2 FILES, YOU MUST ISSUE THE CORRECT FILES COMMAND. MORE THAN 256 BYTES FOR THE BUFFER MAY SPEED UP FILE ACCESS. PAUSE WHILE THERE IS ONLY ONE TAPE DRIVE THERE MAY BE MORE THAN ONE DISK DRIVE. DURING THE OPEN COMMAND, YOU MUST INDICATE THE DRIVE NUMBER FOR THE DISK FILE IF IT IS NOT GOING TO THE DEFAULT DRIVE. FOR EXAMPLE: open "o",#1,"testfile/ext:1" PAUSE THE CLOSE COMMAND FROM TAPE BASIC ALSO WORKS THE SAME ON DISK FILES: close #1 WILL CLOSE FILE #1 close WILL CLOSE ALL FILES THE COMMANDS FROM TAPE BASIC FOR TAPE I/O INCLUDE: input #-1, print #-1, print#-1 using, eof, lineinput #-1, AND write #-1. THESE COMMANDS ARE THE SAME FOR DISK WITH A POSITIVE FILE NUMBER. PAUSE IT IS SUGGESTED THAT YOU TRY TO USE THE EXAMPLES IN THE RS MANUAL WHICH ARE GIVEN FOR TAPE FILES. JUST CHANGE THE #-1 TO #1. THIS PRACTICE IS PROBABLY THE BEST TEACHER OF THE DISK FILE COMMANDS. PAUSE ONE VERY ADVANCED COMMAND FOR DISK FILE ACCESS IS NOT IN- CLUDED IN TAPE BASIC. THIS IS THE FIELD COMMNAD WHICH IS USED WITH DIRECT FILE ACCESS. THE SYNTEX FOR THIS COMMAND: field #x,y as z$ WHERE x IS THE FILE NUMBER y IS THE LENGTH OF THE FIELD z$ A STRING VARIABLE PAUSE THIS COMMAND IS USED TO FORMAT THE STRUCTURE OF STRINGS IN A DIRECT ACCESS FILE. IT ASSIGNS A SPECIFIC NUMBER OF BYTES TO A STRING REGARDLESS OF THE ORIGINAL STRING LENGTH. IT IS OFTEN USED IN CONNEC- TION WITH THE FOLLOWING COM- MANDS WHICH FORM STRINGS. PAUSE ADDITIONAL NEW STRING COMMANDS FOR DISK BASIC FILES lset t$ LEFT JUSTIFIES STRING rset t$ RIGHT JUSTIFIES STRING mks$ x CONVERTS A NUMBER TO STRING (cvn x$ CONVERTS IT BACK) THIS CONCLUDES THE DISCUSSION OF DISK BASIC FILE COMMANDS. YOU MUST PRACTICE THESE COM- MANDS TO LEARN THEM. PAUSE BEFORE WE CONCLUDE THIS FINAL LESSON OF THE OW LESSON 4 OF DISK TUTOR IN THIS LESSON YOU WILL DO THE FOLLOWING: - HAVE A REVIEW OF PAST LESSONS - LEARN TO CHANGE THE DEFAULT DRIVE - HAVE AN INTRODUCTION TO DISK FILE COMMANDS - LEARN A FEW ADDITIONAL DISK COMMANDS PAUSE WE WILL START THIS LESSON WITH A BRIEF REVIEW. DURING THIS LESSON WE MUST ASSUME THAT YOU HAVE MASTERED ALL OF THE PREVIOUS LESSONS. ALL OF THE OLD COMMANDS WILL BE DISCUSSED QUICKLY ALONG WITH SOME REFINEMENTS WHICH WERE NOT MENTIONED BEFORE. PAUSE IN THE PREVIOUS LESSONS WE HAVE LEARNED TO FORMAT A DISK BEFORE IT IS USED. PURHAPS THE MOST FREQUENT QUESTIONS ABOUT DISK DRIVES THAT COME TO THE PHONES AT OWL-WARE, CONCERN THE USE OR MISSUSE OF THE FORMAT (DSKINI) COMMAND. PAUSE ALL DISKS MUST BE FORMATTED BEFORE THEIR FIRST USE. A DISK WILL NOT ACCEPT DATA BEFORE YOU FORMAT IT. ON THE OTHER HAND YOU FORMAT IT ONLY ONCE (UNLESS YOU WISH TO RE- MOVE ALL CONTENTS OF THE DISK) A FEW USERS HAVE FORMATTED THEIR DISKS BEFORE EACH USE AND WONDER WHY THEY HAVE NO FILES WHEN THEY START UP. PAUSE IN THE REVIEW WHICH FOLLOWS, WE WILL USE REVERSE PRINT TO SHOW THE COMMAND EXAMPLES. YOU MUST USE NORMAL UPPER CASE FOR YOUR ACTUAL INPUT TO THE COMPUTER. IN SOME CASES A REVERSE LETTER WILL BE USED TO INDICATE A NUMBER WHICH MUST BE GIVEN. PAUSE THE FORM OF THE FORMAT COM- MAND IS dskinix, WHERE THE x IS THE DRIVE NUMBER. YOU MUST USE THE DRIVE NUMBER AT ALL TIMES WITH THIS COMMAND EVEN IF YOU WISH TO FORMAT A DISK IN THE DEFAULT DRIVE. THIS IS A SAFETY FACTOR WHICH WILL KEEP YOU FROM MAKING A SERIOUS MISTAKE. PAUSE ALWAYS USE A WRITE PROTECT TAB TO PROTECT THE CONTENTS OF YOUR DISKS. YOU MUST HAVE BACKUP COPIES OF ALL FILES. USE BOTH THE BACKUP COMMAND AND THE COPY COMMAND TO MAKE SECOND (OR THIRD) COPIES OF IMPORTANT FILES. PAUSE A DISK MAY "CRASH". THIS MEANS THAT THE CONTENTS OF ONE OR MORE FILES IS LOST. THERE IS NO WARRANTY ON DATA OF ANY KIND. THE REASONS FOR THIS IS THAT DATA ARE LOST ONLY THROUGH CARELESS ACTION (INACTION) AND CANNOT BE PRE- VENTED BY THE HARDWARE DEALER. COMPUTERS DO NOT LOSE DATA people lose data. PAUSE THERE ARE MANY CAUSES OF A CRASHED DISK. THESE INCLUDE: BAD HANDLING OF THE DISK IT- SELF MAGNETIC FIELDS (INCLUDING TOOLS) NEAR THE DISK TURNING OFF THE COMPUTER OR THE DISK DRIVE WITH THE DISK IN IT FAULTY DRIVE (INCLUDING AD- JUSTMENTS) PAUSE ALL DISK DRIVES WILL NEED AN ADJUSTMENT AND CLEANING FROM TIME TO TIME. BELT DRIVEN DISK DRIVES WILL NEED AN ADJUSTMENT AND CLEAN- ING ABOUT EVERY 6 TO 12 MONTHS. DIRECT DRIVES WILL NEED CLEAN- AND ADJUSTMENT ABOUT EVERY 12 TO 18 MONTHS. PAUSE DO NOT LET YOUR SYSTEM GO UNTIL THE DRIVES CANNOT BE USED. THE DISK DRIVE CAN APPEAR TO WORK BUT MAY BE PRODUCING FILES THAT ARE NOT READABLE WITH DRIVES THAT ARE IN ADJUSTMENT. WHEN YOU BUY A SECOND DRIVE IT MAY APPEAR DEFECTIVE IN SUCH CASES BECAUSE YOUR OLD DISKS WERE WRITTEN WITH THE TRACKS OUT OF ALIGNMENT. PAUSE THE SYNTEX OF THE BACKUP AND COPY COMMANDS DEPEND ON THE NUMBER OF DRIVES THAT YOU HAVE. FOR ONE DRIVE THE BACKUP IS backup0. YOU WILL BE PROMPTED TO CHANGE THE DISKS AS THE BACKUP PROCEEDS. FOR TWO DRIVES THE BACKUP COM- MAMD IS backup0to1. PAUSE THE COPY COMMAND IS USED TO COPY SINGLE FILES BETWEEN EITHER TWO DISKS OR BETWEEN 2 LOCATIONS ON THE SAME DISK. IN ORDER TO COPY A FILE BE- TWEEN TWO DISKS WHEN YOU HAVE ONLY ONE DISK DRIVE, YOU MUST USE A FORM OF THE COPY COM- MAMD WHICH IS NOT LISTED IN THE RS MANUAL. PAUSE THE COPY COMMAND FOR TWO DISKS AND ONE DRIVE IS: copy"filename/ext" HERE THE DRIVE NUMBER IS NOT REQUIRED BECAUSE THERE IS ONLY ONE DRIVE, THE DEFAULT. TO COPY BETWEEN 2 DISKS IN 2 DISK DRIVES THE COMMAND IS: copy"filename/ext:x"to"filename /ext:y" PAUSE IF x AND y ARE THE SAME (IN OTHER WORDS YOU ARE PUTTING A SECOND COPY OF THE FILE ON THE SAME DISK), YOU MUST CHANGE EITHER THE FILENAME OR THE EXTENSION. THERE CANNOT BE TWO COPIES OF ANY FILE ON A DISK BY THE SAME NAME. IF THERE WERE THE COM- PUTER WOULD NOT KNOW HOW TO HANDLE THEM. PAUSE THE CONTENTS OF THE DISK ARE DETERMINED USING THE DIRECTORY COMMAND. THE FORM OF THE DIRECTORY COM- MAND IS: dirx WHERE x IS THE DRIVE NUMBER. USING JUST dir WILL GIVE THE CONTENTS OF THE DEFAULT DRIVE. PAUSE IN ORDER TO SAVE AND LOAD BASIC PROGARAMS, THE COMMANDS ARE VERY SIMILAR TO THAT USED FOR TAPE SAVES. THE COMAMNDS ARE: save"filename/ext:x" AND load"filename/ext:x" WHICH COR- RESPONDS TO THE csave AND THE PROGRAM IN ASCII. THIS WAS DONE IN THIS CASE BECAUSE IT WAS NECESSARY TO PROVIDE A VERSION OF THE PROGRAM WHICH WOULD LOOK DIFFERENT ON THE DIRECTORY. PAUSE TO SAVE IN BINARY FORMAT (THE WAY BASIC PROGRAMS NORMALLY ARE), YOU WOULD HAVE TYPED SAVE"EXAMPLE1" instead of SAVE"EXAMPLE1",A. ANOTHER WAY TO SAVE TWO VERSIONS OF THE SAME PROGRAM IS TO RENAME THE FIRST VERSION OF THE PROGRAM TO A NEW NAME AND THEN SAVE THE NEW VERSION UNDER THE OLD NAME. PAUSE WE COULD, FOR EXAMPLE, HAVE GIVEN THE COMMAND AS: RENAME"EXAMPLE1/BAS"TO"EXAMPLE1 /NEW". (NOTICE THAT WITH RENAME THE EXTENSION IS NEVER UNDERSTOOD AND MUST BE USED.) STOP AS YOU CAN SEE THE LISTING IN THE DIRECTORY HAS BEEN CHANGED FROM EXAMPLE1/bas TO EXAMPLE1/new. THE OPPOSITE OF TO SAVE IS TO KILL. IN ORDER TO REMOVE A PROGRAM THE DISK WE USE THE KILL COMMAND. PAUSE AS WAS TRUE WITH THE RENAME COMMAND, THE KILL COMMAND REQUIRES THE EXTENSION, AND THE DRIVE NUMBER IS UNDERSTOOD TO BE THE CURRENT DEFAULT DRIVE UNLESS INDICATED. THE KILL COMMAND USES THE FOLLOWING STYLE: KILL"FILENAME/EXT:X" WHERE X IS THE DRIVE NUMBER IF THE PROGRAM TO BE KILLED IS NOT ON THE CURRENT DRIVE. PAUSE AS AN EXAMPLE, WE WILL RE- MOVE THE NEW PROGRAM VERSION THAT WE JUST SAVED. THIS ALSO HELPS TO START GET- TING THE DISK BACK TO THE FORM IT WAS BEFORE THIS LESSON. STOP THE DIRECTORY NOW HAS THE LISTING FOR EXAMPLE1/NEW REMOVED. THIS WAY OF REMOVING PROGRAMS FROM THE DISK IS VERY HANDY, BUT USE CARE. there is no command to unkill!!! PAUSE THERE IS ONE ADDITION USEFUL COMMAND WHICH WILL BE COVERED IN THIS LESSON- THE COPY COMMAND. THE COPY COMMAND, AS THE NAME MAY IMPLY, IS USED TO MAKE NEW COPIES OF ONE FILE AT A TIME. THIS DIFFERS FROM THE BACKUP COMMAND WHICH COPIES THE ENTIRE DISK. PAUSE ONE RULE TO REMEMBER WITH THE COPY COMMAND IS THAT THE NAME OF THE FILE TO BE COPIED MUST BE UNIQUE ON THE FINAL DISK. IF YOU HAVE A FILE NAMED FILE1/BAS ON A DISK (FOR EXAMPLE), YOU CANNOT COPY A NEW FILE CALLED FILE1/BAS TO THAT DISK. YOU CAN COPY FILE1/BAS TO FILE1B/BAS IF YOU WISH. PAUSE TO COPY A FILE BETWEEN TWO DISKS, THERE ARE TWO FORMS OF THIS COMMAND DEPENDING ON WEITHER YOU HAVE MORE THAN ONE DISK DRIVE. IF YOU HAVE TWO DISK DRIVES, YOU WOULD USE THE FOLLOWING FORM OF THIS COMMAND TO COPY: COPY"FILE1/BAS"TO"FILE1/BAS:1" PAUSE THIS COPIES THE FILE1 BETWEEN DISKS IN THE DEFAULT DRIVE AND A DISK IN DRIVE 1. IF YOU HAVE ONLY ONE DRIVE, YOU MUST USE A FORM OF THIS COMMAND WHICH IS NOT DOC- UMENTED IN THE RS MANUAL: COPY"FILE1/BAS" USING THIS FORM, THE COMPUTER WILL STOP AND PROMPT YOU TO CHANGE DISKS. PAUSE YOU ALSO CAN MAKE A SECOND COPY OF ANY FILE TO THE SAME DISK AS LONG AS YOU GIVE IT A NEW NAME. THIS IS THE METHOD USED WHEN YOU WISH TO KEEP AN ORIGINAL VERSION OF A PROGRAM WHILE TESTING IMPROVEMENTS TO IT. IT ALSO IS THE METHOD WE WILL USE TO RESTORE THIS LESSON DISK TO THE ORIGINAL CONTENTS. PAUSE THE FILE ON THE DISK WHICH IS CALLED EXAMPLE1/OLD IS A COPY OF THE ORIGINAL FILE WHICH WAS CALLED EXAMPLE1/BAS. THIS IS THE BINARY FORM OF THE THE ORIGNAL PROGRAM. STOP AS YOU CAN SEE THE OLD VERSION OF THE EXAMPLE PROGRAM HAS BEEN COPIED BACK TO IT'S ORIGINAL POSITION. NOW YOU MAY GO ON TO LESSON 4 FOR A REVIEW AND A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO A FEW MORE COMMANDS. STOP E BINARY FORM OF THE THE ORIGNAL PROGRAM. STOP AS YOU CAN SEE THE OLD VERSION OF THE EXAMPLE PROGRAM HAS BEEN COPIED BACK TO IT'S ORIGINAL POSITION. NOW YOU MAY GO ON TO LESSON 4 FOR A REVIEW E A BACKUP COPY OF OUR ORIGINAL OWL-WARE DISK. JUST LIKE THE DSKINI COMMAND USED TO FORMAT A DISK, THE BACKUP COMMAND WILL ERASE ALL PROGRAMS IN MEMORY. THE BACKUP COMMAND ALSO WILL DESTROY ALL DATA ON THE TARGET DISK. PAUSE IF YOU WERE FOLLOWING DIREC- TIONS, YOU WILL HAVE A WRITE PROTECT TAB ON THE ORIGINAL OWL-WARE DISK. YOU ALSO WILL HAVE A BLANK, FORMATTED DISK WHICH YOU WILL BACKUP TO. ALL DISKS BEING BACKED UP SHOULD HAVE THIS TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS. WE WILL END LESSON 2 WITH TEACHING THIS COMMAND. STOP HAVE A WRITE PROTECT TAB ON THE ORIGINAL OWL-WARE DISK. YOU ALSO WILL HAVE A BLANK, FORMATTED DISK WHICH YOU WILL BACKUP TO. ALL DISKS BEING BACKED UP SHOULD HAVE THIS TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS. WE WILL END LESSON 2 WITH TE LESSON 3 OF DISK TUTOR IN THIS LESSON YOU WILL LEARN TO DO THE FOLLOWING: - SAVE PROGRAMS - RENAME FILES - REMOVE FILES FROM THE DISK - COPY FILES PAUSE NOW THAT YOU HAVE LEARNED TO LOAD A PROGRAM FROM THE DISK, YOU SHOULD LEARN HOW TO SAVE PROGRAMS. YOU MUST HAVE THE COPY OF THE ORIGINAL OWL-WARE DISK IN DRIVE 0 FOR THE REMAINDER OF THIS LESSON. PAUSE THE COMMAND TO SAVE A FILE TO THE DISK IS SIMILAR TO THE COMMAND USED FOR THE TAPE SAVES. FOR A TAPE SAVE YOU WOULD USE THE COMMAND csave FOR A BASIC PROGRAM AND csavem FOR A MA- CHINE LANGUAGE PROGRAM. FOR DISK THE CORRESPONDING COMMANDS ARE save AND savem. PAUSE THE FULL COMMAND TO SAVE A BASIC PROGRAM IS: SAVE"filename/ext:0" FOR DRIVE 0. AS WE LEARNED FOR THE LOAD COMMAND, THE EXTENSION AND THE DRIVE NUMBER ARE UNDERSTOOD TO BE /BAS AND DRIVE 0, RE- SPECTIVELY. STOP THE PROGRAM LISTING IS: 10 FOR I=1 TO 5 20 PRINT "GREETINGS FROM OWL-WA RE" 30 NEXT I NOW LET'S MAKE A MINOR CHANGE: 20 PRINT "HELLO THERE" THE PROGRAM LISTING NOW IS: 10 FOR I=1 TO 5 20 PRINT "HELLO THERE" 30 NEXT I STOP AS LISTED IN THE DIRECTORY: EXAMPLE1 BAS 0 B 1 WE COULD SAVE THE REVISED PROGRAM AS SAVE"EXAMPLE1", BUT LET'S TRY SOMETHING A LITTLE DIFFERENT. WE ARE GOING TO SAVE THE PRO- GRAM AS AN ASCII FILE TO SEE WHAT THIS DOES. STOP THERE IS NOW A DIRECTORY LISTING: EXAMPLE1 BAS 0 A 1 THE "A" IN THE NEXT TO LAST COLUMN MEANS THAT THE PRO- GRAM WAS SAVED IN ASCII. AS YOU NOTICE, THE ORIGINAL "EXAMPLE1 BAS 0 B 1" IS NOT NOW LISTED ON THE DISK. IT HAS BEEN REPLACED BY THE NEWLY REVISED VERSION. PAUSE IF WE HAD SAVED THE NEW VER- SION BY: SAVE"EXAMPLE1" THE NEW VERSION WOULD HAVE RE- PLACED THE OLD ONE AND THERE WOULD BE NO CHANGE APPARENT IN THE DIRECTORY. THIS REPLACEMENT OF ONE VER- SION OF A PROGRAM WITH ANOTHER IS BOTH AN ADVANTAGE AND A DISADVANTAGE. PAUSE THE REPLACEMENT KEEPS THE DISK FROM GETTING CLUTTERED UP WITH OLD VERSIONS OF PROGRAMS, BUT IT ALSO MEANS THAT AN EARLIER VERSION WHICH WE WISH TO SAVE MAY BE REMOVED BY ACCIDENT. USE DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF THE SAME NAME TO IDENTIFY NEW VER- SIONS OF AN OLD FILE WHEN YOU WISH TO KEEP SEVERAL VERSIONS. PAUSE BEFORE WE GO ANY FURTHER, YOU MUST REMEMBER THAT IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO SAVE LESSON 2 OF DISK TUTOR IN THIS LESSON YOU WILL LEARN TO DO THE FOLLOWING: - DETERMINE DISK CONTENTS - LOAD BASIC AND MACHINE LANGUAGE PROGRAMS - MAKE BACKUP COPIES OF DISKS PAUSE ALL INFORMATION ON THE DISK WILL BE REFERRED TO AS DATA IN THE FOLLOWING LESSONS. THESE DATA CONSIST OF: BASIC PROGRAMS MACHINE LANGUAGE PROGRAMS ASCII DATA FILES DATA ARE ARRANGED IN AREAS CALLED TRACKS. NORMAL COLOR COMPUTER DRIVES USE 35 TRACKS. PAUSE INCLUDED IN THESE 35 TRACKS IS TRACK 17 WHICH IS THE TRACK USED FOR THE DISK DIRECTORY. THIS LEAVES 34 TRACKS FOR THE USER. EACH OF THESE TRACKS IS DI- VIDED INTO HALF TRACKS CALLED GRANULES. DATA (INCLUDING PROGRAMS) USE ONE OR MORE OF THESE GRANULES. PAUSE A GRANULE HAS THE CAPACITY FOR 2304 BYTES (CHARACTERS) AND CANNOT BE SHARED BETWEEN TWO FILES. BECAUSE OF THIS, A FILE OF 2305 BYTES WILL USE UP 2 GRANULES. UP TO 68 (2 X 34) VERY SHORT FILES CAN BE PLACED ON A DISK. LESS THAN THIS 68 NUMBER WOULD BE NORMAL, BECAUSE MANY FILES WOULD BE GREATER THAN 2304 BYTES. PAUSE LOOKING FOR EVEN A FEW PRO- GRAMS ON A TAPE IS A LONG PROCESS. WITH UP TO 68 PRO- GRAMS ON A DISK IT WOULD BE A VERY LONG JOB IF THERE WERE NOT SOME EASY WAY TO DO THIS. A SIMPLE DISK BASIC COMMAND WILL ALLOW YOU TO LOOK AT THE CONTENTS OF THE DISK VERY QUICKLY. THE "TABLE OF CONTENTS" OF A DISK IS CALLED THE DIRECTORY. PAUSE THE BASIC COMMAND FOR THE DIR- ECTORY IS "DIR" FOR ALL COMMANDS IN DISK BASIC, THE ACTIVE DRIVE IS ASSUMED TO BE DRIVE 0 UNLESS SET TO ANOTHER DRIVE. FOR THIS REASON, THE COMMANDS dir, dir0, AND dir 0 ALL WOULD PRODUCE THE SAME DIRECTORY OF DRIVE 0. STOP IN ADDITION TO THE NAMES OF THE PROGRAMS STORED ON DISK, THE DIRECTORY COMMAND WILL GIVE OTHER DETAILS ABOUT EACH FILE. THE NAME OF EACH FILE ON A DISK IS GIVEN IN TWO PARTS: THE FILE NAME (UP TO EIGHT CHARACTERS) THE EXTENSION (UP TO THREE CHARACTERS) PAUSE IF WE TAKE THE BASIC PROGRAM WHICH LOADED THIS DISK TUTOR AS AN EXAMPLE, WE FIND THE FOLLOWING LISTING: TUTOR BAS 0 B 1 filename = TUTOR extension = BAS UNLESS YOU SAVE A PROGRAM WITH SOME OTHER EXTENSION, THE EX- TENSION FOR A BASIC PROGRAM IS ALWAYS bas (/BAS). PAUSE OTHER AUTOMATIC EXTENSIONS ARE /BIN FOR A MACHINE LANGUAGE PROGRAM AND /DAT FOR A DATA FILE. EXAMPLES FROM THE TUTOR DISK INCLUDE: TUTOR BAS 0 B 1 LESSON1 DAT 1 A 1 TUTOR BIN 2 B 9 PAUSE TUTOR BAS 0 B 1 LESSON1 DAT 1 A 1 TUTOR BIN 2 B 9 THE FIRST NUMBER IN THIS LIST IS THE TYPE OF FILE WITH: 0 = BASIC PROGRAM FILE 1 = BASIC DATA FILE 2 = MACHINE LANGUAGE PROGRAM THE NEXT LETTER IS THE FILE FORMAT WITH A = ASCII AND B = BINARY. THE LAST NUMBER IS THE FILE SIZE IN GRANULES. PAUSE IN ALL CASES SHOWN, DRIVE 0 IS UNDERSTOOD. (THIS DRIVE IS CALLED THE default DRIVE) IF YOU HAVE MORE THAN 1 DRIVE, THE FULL NAME OF PROGRAMS ON THE OTHER DRIVE(S) MUST USE THE DRIVE NUMBER. USING THE TUTOR AS AN EXAMPLE, THE FULL NAME OF A PROGRAM ON DRIVE 1 IS: TUTOR/BIN:1 PAUSE NOW THAT WE CAN SEE ALL OF THE PROGRAMS ON THE DISK, LET'S LOAD A SHORT BASIC PROGRAM FROM THE DISK. THERE IS A SHORT (AND RATHER USELESS) BASIC PROGRAM ON THIS DISK CALLED: "EXAMPLE1" THE FULL NAME IS: EXAMPLE1/BAS:0 PAUSE JUST LIKE YOU USED "CLOAD" FOR LOADING FROM CASSETTE, YOU USE "LOAD" TO LOAD FROM DISK. YOU COULD USE THE COMMAND LOAD"EXAMPLE1/BAS:0" BUT THE DRIVE 0 IS UNDERSTOOD AND THE /BAS IS UNDERSTOOD FOR A BASIC PROGRAM. STOP A MACHINE LANGUAGE PROGRAM IS LOADED IN A SIMILIAR MANNER. IN THIS CASE THE COMMAND IS LOADM JUST LIKE THE TAPE BASED COMMAND IS CLOADM. TO LOAD THE TUTOR DIRECT YOU COULD TYPE LOADM"TUTOR" (WHICH IS A SHORTER VERSION OF LOADM "TUTOR/BIN:0") PAUSE IT ALSO IS POSSIBLE TO LOAD AND RUN A PROGRAM WITH JUST ONE COMMAND. TO RUN AND LOAD THE COMMAND IS RUN"filename" STOP THERE IS NO CORRESPONDING METHOD OF LOADING AND RUNNING A MACHINE LANGUAGE PROGRAM FROM RADIO SHACK DISK BASIC. SEVERAL OTHER DOS SYSTEMS WILL ALLOW THIS WITH A RUNM COMMAND THIS IS POSSIBLE FOR ADOS AND JDOS SYSTEMS. IF YOU HAVE ONE OF THESE SYSTEMS, SEE THE MAN- UAL THAT COMES WITH THEM TO LEARN HOW TO USE THIS COMMAND. PAUSE IN ORDER TO RUN A MACHINE LAN- GUAGE PROGRAM, YOU TYPE EXEC AFTER THE PROGRAM IS LOADED. FOR MANY PROGRAMS IT IS POS- SIBLE TO DO THIS WITH ONE COM- MAND LINE. do not type THIS COMMAND LINE, BUT THE COMMAND WOULD BE: LOADM"filename":EXEC PAUSE BEFORE WE LEARN HOW TO SAVE A PROGRAM, IT IS BEST IF WE MAK DISK TUTOR BY OWL-WARE THIS PROGRAM IS DESIGNED TO TEACH DISK BASIC FOR THE COLOR COMPUTER. THE OWL-WARE DISK MUST REMAIN IN DRIVE 0 DURING THESE DISK BASIC LESSONS. IT IS ASSUMED THAT YOU KNOW NORMAL COLOR BASIC BEFORE YOU START THESE LESSONS STOP TUTOR BY OWL-WARE THIS PROGRAM IS DESIGNED TO TEACH DISK BASIC FOR THE COLOR COMPUTER. THE OWL-WARE DISK MUST REMAIN IN DRIVE 0 DURING THESE DISK BASIC LESSONS. IT IS ASSUMED THAT YOU KNOW NORMAL COLOR BASIC BEFORE YOU START THESE LES LESSON 1 OF DISK TUTOR IN THIS LESSON YOU WILL LEARN THE FOLLOWING: - DETAILS OF DISKS THEMSELVES - HOW TO INSERT A DISK - HOW TO PROTECT DISK DATA - HOW TO FORMAT A DISK FOR USE PAUSE THIS LESSON WILL START WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOPPY DISK ITSELF. A DISK (OR PROPERLY A FLOPPY DISK) IS A EFFICIENT MEDIA FOR THE STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OF DATA. ALWAYS HANDLE A DISK CAREFULLY AND PROTECT IT FROM PHYSICAL DAMAGE, MAGNETIC FIELDS, AND HEAT. DO NOT TOUCH THE EXPOSED SURFACE! PAUSE never TURN on OR off THE POWER ON THE DISK DRIVE OR THE COM- PUTER UNTIL THE DISK IS REMOVED. ------------------------------- THE NOTCH ON THE DISK IS THE WRITE PROTECT NOTCH. WHEN THE DISK IS INSERTED INTO THE DRIVE, THE NOTCH IS ALWAYS ON THE TOP IF THE DRIVE IS VERTICAL OR ON THE LEFT IF THE DRIVE IS MOUNTED HORIZONTAL. PAUSE YOU SHOULD NOW REMOVE THE DISK AND PLACE THE SILVER TAB OVER THE NOTCH. REPLACE THE DISK. ALL DISKS WHICH HAVE DATA TO BE PROTECTED SHOULD HAVE THE WRITE PROTECT NOTCH COVERED. NOTHING CAN BE WRITTEN TO A DISK WHEN THE NOTCH IS COVERED. ------------------------------- BEFORE A DISK CAN BE USED IT MUST BE FORMATTED. PAUSE TO FORMAT A DISK MEANS TO SET- UP THE TRACKS FOR LATER USE BY THE COMPUTER. THE COMMAND TO FORMAT A DISK IS dskini WHICH MEANS DISK INITIALIZE. YOU MUST FORMAT EVERY NEW DISK BEFORE IT CAN BE USED. PAUSE REMEMBER THAT THE format PROCESS will destroy all data in memory AND all data on the disk DURING THE INITIALIZE. ALWAYS HAVE BLANK FORMATTED DISKS AVAILABLE BEFORE EACH COMPUTER WORK SESSION. YOU SHOULD NOW FOLLOW THE DI- RECTIONS TO FORMAT A DISK. PAUSE BECAUSE THIS FORMAT PROCESS WILL ERASE MEMORY, WE WILL END THIS FIRST LESSON WITH THIS FORMAT OF A DISK IN DRIVE 0. TO RESTART TUTOR AFTER THE FORMAT, INSERT THIS ORIGINAL DISK BACK INTO DRIVE 0 AND TYPE: RUN"TUTOR". YOU WILL THEN BE READY FOR LESSON 2. STOP ORMAT PROCESS WILL ERASE MEMORY, WE WILL END THIS FIRST LESSON WITH THIS FORMAT OF A DISK IN DRI8 I1 5/ "GREETINGS FROM OWL-WARE"7 IEDITOR":" 2) PASCAL":" 3) LINKER":" 4) ASSEMBLER":" 5) DIR0":" 6) DIR1"::" WHICH PROGRAM";AA 100,200,300,400,500,600:20dM"EDITOR"::M"PASCAL"::C$:,M"LINKER"::2&1 1:50,10898:25,14:26,1:3584,0:"TUTOR2":" 3) LINKER":" 4) ASSEMBLER":" 5) DIR0":" 6) DIR1"::" WHICH PROGRAM";AA 3,4,5,6,7,8:1M"EDITOR"::M"PASCAL"::C$:M"LINKER"::C$:M"ASSEMBLE"::C$::C$:1:C$:@CA9?gam_m~1 1:50,14999:25,14:26,1:3584,0:"TUTOR2"m_m~ $%&'()*+./0;<EXAMPLE1BAS ;TUTOR BAS!5TUTOR2 BAS"STUTOR BIN#INTRO DAT LESSON1 DATLESSON2 DATLESSON3 DAT8LESSON4 DATdEXAMPLE1OLD,;VERIFY BIN-VERIFY BAS!COPYIT BAS1OWLDOS BASOWLDOS BINOWLDOS2 BIN2ETUP BAS3JR BASJRML BIN4 BAS7UATA BIN EVENGE BIN9CRYSTAL BASOOWL BIN: EVENGE BAS='8 I1 5/ "GREETINGS FROM OWL-WARE"7 IEDITOR":" 2) PASCAL":" 3) LINKER":" 4) ASSEMBLER":" 5) DIR0":" 6) DIR1"::" WHICH PROGRAM";AA 100,200,300,400,500,600:20dM"EDITOR"::M"PASCAL"::C$:,M"LINKER"::P& M"TUTOR":&O (10899) 255 10,&H7999: (10899)0 0 : 010,&H7999: (10899)0 0 : 01& 2a56909/9ofogdo'@ &j& 4-&ja 0+ "iXIiXIXIihj&ma'O_hh2b95b,52dnI*4P9" ߎ0C&r44"z0Nr90Io0&0 ̧43~4@NP92"5큌%5r55B%5큌%5r$n14@3d<4444-2h<44442h2\54@3d04 THAT IS NOT CORRECT, PLEASEO_4? O44? TRY AGAIN. YOU SHOULD TYPE:O_4? O44?q?2\54@3d04 O44?Q0 4O_4?l2b04044>>K04:-3O_4;044@2d2\54@3d20404 4>H>4O_'2\504PAUSE_D&\O404STOP_D&\]' 4,2b0404O_4>>04STOPDB&p2\54@3d0044?F2d04 O44>0 DISK TUTOR LESSON MENUO_4>2>04 O44= 1) LESSON 1O_4= O44=Ǎ 2) LESSON 2O_4= O44= 3) LESSON 3O_4= O44=q 4) LESSON 4O_4=| O44=F O44=8 5) EXIT PROGRAMO_4=?=)04 O44< O44< LESSON 1-4 OR 5 TO EXIT: O_4<2b04044;{;ծ04:-3O_49o&%04422d4O_&&O040442f4O__&\O44CS_&\]'R&0442d9&040442f&2\5 42b2\54@3d044<2d04 LESSONO_4;B44;] CANNOT BE FOUND ONO_4; O44;] THIS DISK. PLEASE RE-ENTER.O_4;_;I42b42b2\54@3d044< 2d04LESSON4DATO_470442d04482d2\54@3d04 O44: GOOD-BYE AND THANK YOU FORO_4: O44: USING OWL-WARE PRODUCTSO_4: O44:M04O_4:h:R2\54@3d2O_04------------------------------?2b04 PRESS <> TO CONTINUE: ?k2b*4044@:2d04INTRODATO_46l044@2d044@72d0Z40144@2f$4O_'Z44@2dO_Z4&4@p2b2\54@3d2}E2~O_444044%32j5[O_4O_500 [CS]'O_E2\52~O_444044%;2j5[ 0OY2~O_444044$2j5[Y4500 2~O_444044$2j5[2\54@3dDIR4-2d0 44 2d42b2\54@3d04492d044 2d4O_'2\52\54@3d2ڮ0404%478604:-3O_440404='42b04 SORRY, THAT IS NOT CORRECT.O_47 O447g YOU SHOULD HAVE TYPED:O_47n O447804O_47T7>0404<&.2\5H$RENAME"EXAMPLE1/BAS"TO"EXAMPLE1/NEW""COPY"EXAMPLE1/OLD"TO"EXAMPLE1/BAS"4@3d20 Z04LESSON3DATO_43o2~0444d2d54O_'2\504044:2f04 FIRST LET US LOAD THE SAMEO_46] O446' BASIC PROGRAM USED IN LESSONO_46( O445 1. TYPE:O_46 O445ЍLOAD"EXAMPLE1"O_455ʍLOAD"EXAMPLE1"42d04 EXAMPLE1OLDO_42O4O_'2\50443z2d04044!2f04 FIRST LET'S DO A DIRECTORYO_45D O445 TO SEE THE ORIGINAL LISTING.O_45 O444ٍ TYPE:O_44 O444DIRO_4444L2b04044g2f04 TO SAVE THE PROGRAM AS ANO_44 O444U ASCII FILE, TYPE:O_44a O444+SAVE"EXAMPLE1",AO_4494#SAVE"EXAMPLE1",A4 2d2~0442d5CS]'2\504 EXAMPLE1BASO_404O_'2\50430410 FOR I=1 TO 5O_4330420 PRINT "HELLO THERE"O_43u3_04 30 NEXT IO_43Y3C0441=2d043*04 NOW LET'S DO A DIRECTORYO_43 O442ݍ AGAIN. TYPE:O_42 O442DIRO_4224H2b04044c2f04USING TWO LINES,O_42 O442[ WE WILL NOW RENAME THE EX-O_42^ O442( AMPLE FILE. TYPE:O_423 O44104O_4220442d2~O_4440442j54N500 4E500 4W500 2~O_4440442j5041]04 CHECK THE DIRECTORY AGAIN.O_41D O441 TYPE:O_41& O440DIRO_41 042b040442f04 IN ORDER TO REMOVE THE NEWO_40 O440 VERSION TYPE:O_40 O440cKILL"EXAMPLE1/NEW"O_40o0YKILL"EXAMPLE1/NEW"4 2d2~0442d5CS]'2\504 CHECK THE DIRECTORY TO PROVEO_4/ O44/ƍ THE KILLING. TYPE:O_4/ O44/DIRO_4//4+2b04044F2f04 THE FOLLOWING COMMAND WILLO_4/i O44/3 COPY THE ORIGINAL VERSION OFO_4/4 O44. THE PROGRAM BACK TO THE DISKO_4. O44.ɍ WITH THE ORIGINAL NAME. TYPE:O_4. O44.04O_4..0442d2~O_444044y2j5 0O4 '2\5O_4E500 4B500 4A500 4S500 4O_500 4O_500 4;500 0O2~O_4440442j52~O_444044h2j54500 2~O_4440442j52~O_4440442j52~O_44404462j504 NOW LET'S CHECK THE DI-O_4, O44, RECTORY ONE MORE TIME BEFOREO_4, O44,L THE END OF THIS LESSON. TYPE:O_4,L O44,DIRO_4,1,42b040442f044)2d2\54@3d2xB44]5'XI1?&B~4B4b2bZ~4BXD4 4 4F4b2b42542D44O444O4#4#4O4VD4V.c 4~F44l2d 4XF44V2d 4~F44?2d 4ZF44)2dVV 2b#4#4O42\5eL&94405594@3d204LESSON1DATO_4'2~044'2d54O_'2\5044*2d0442d4O_'2\5044'2d04 O44) remove the OWL-WARE disk fromO_4) O44)| drive 0 AND PLACE A NEWO_4) O44)L BLANK DISK INTO DRIVE 0.O_4)Q);04 O44) TYPE THE FOLLOWING COMMANDO_4) O44(ލ TO PREPARE THE DISK FOR USE:O_4( O44( O44(DSKINI0O_4((O_,04044''04:-3O_4%$04DSKINI0_.'\O404 DSKINI 0_-'\]'04 O44( SORRY, YOU HAVE MADE AO_4( O44'Ӎ MISTAKE. YOU MUST TYPE:O_4' O44'DSKINI0O_4''4k2b'#]'42b2\544055904@3d4!2b4P2b040B4O_4'I'32\54@3d2O_04044&\&04:-3O_4#2~ 044-]2fO_')042~ 044-;2f44,2h 0404,c& 044-S4#2]'S2\5GREETINGS FROM OWL-WARE4@3d4.P#4.  2bĮ0404O_4& % 2b2\54@3d204LESSON2DATO_4"z2~044#o2d54O_'2\5044&q2d044d2d4O_'2\504 WE WILL START OUT WITH DOINGO_4%I O44% A DIRECTORY OF DRIVE 0. TYPEO_4% O44$ݍ THE FOLLOWING COMMAND LINEO_4$ O44$  ENDING WITH THE <> KEY:O_4$ O44$s O44$eDIRO_4$$j04044##^04:-3O_4 04DIR)'?04DIR0_)&\O404DIR 0_)&\]'04  THAT IS ACCEPTABLE, BUT YOU DOO_4# O44# NOT HAVE TO HAVE TO SPECIFYO_4# O44#l THE DRIVE NUMBER HEREO_4#t O44#>04O_4#Y2b04044"|"804:-3O_404DIR(2bDIR4)4204DIR(&l0]4432d2~044 y2d54O__'\O44CS_'\]'2\504OKO_4"{"e0404O_4"d2b040 44!!C04:-3O_4ݮ04 O44! SYSTEMS WITH MORE THAN ONEO_4! O44!Í DRIVE CAN BE ACCESSED IN THEO_4! O44!  SAME MANNER WITH A DIR1, DIR2,O_4! O44!W OR DIR3.O_4!l O44!6 O44!( DOES YOUR SYSTEM HAVE MOREO_4!+ O44  THAN ONE DRIVE? (y/n) O_4 2b040404:-3O_4zO4Y_&\O4O4y_&\]' Y04 O44 ] LET US NOW READ THE DIRECTORYO_4 ] O44 ' ON DRIVE 1. MAKE SURE THEREO_4 ) O44 IS A GOOD DISK IN DRIVE 1 ANDO_4 O44 USE THE FOLLOWINGO_4 O44 COMMAND:O_4 O44r O44dDIR1 (A SPACE IS OPTIONAL)O_4gQDIR142d10442d2~0442d54O__'\O44CS_'\]'2\504OKO_4ɮ040f4O_42b040q4404:-3O_4A004OKO_4} O44G04O_4bL044(2d0442d2~0442d54O_'2\504 O44ۍ REMEMBER THAT DRIVE 0 ANDO_4 O44 /BAS ARE UNDERSTOOD.O_4 O44| O44n IN ORDER TO LOAD THIS PROGRAMO_4n O448 TYPE THE FOLLOWING COMMAND:O_4: O44LOAD"EXAMPLE1"O_4LOAD"EXAMPLE1"42d04 EXAMPLE1BASO_42~044x2d54O_'2\50442d04 O44e NOW LET US LIST THE PROGRAMO_4g O441 TO SHOW THAT IT LOADED. TYPE:O_41 O44LISTO_4LIST42d04 O44ō10 FOR I=1 TO 5O_4 O44 20 PRINT "O_40,4O_4"44p O44b 30 NEXT IO_4wa42b04 O44. NOW THAT WE HAVE LOADED THISO_4/ O44 PROGRAM, WE WILL RUN IT.O_4 O44ȍ JUST TYPE:O_4 O44RUNO_4RUN4n2d044@52b04OKO_4t04 O44J (THAT WAS NOT EXACTLY THEO_4N O44 WORLD'S MOST SIGNIFICANT PRO-O_4 O44 GRAM, WAS IT?)O_4ۮ4U2b0442d044ڡ2d4O_'2\504 FOR EXAMPLE, TO LOAD AND RUNO_4 O44P THE EXAMPLE PROGRAM TYPE:O_4T O44 RUN"EXAMPLE1"O_4/ RUN"EXAMPLE1"42d04 EXAMPLE1BASO_42~0442d54O_'2\50442d044@E2b04OKO_4 O44dv42b044I2d044<2d4O_'2\504462d044 2d04 IF YOU HAVE ONLY ONE DISKO_4 O44ύ  DRIVE, YOU WILL HAVE TO SWITCHO_4 O44 THE DISKS BACK AND FORTH TOO_4 O44d COPY A DISK.O_4u_O4Y&x04 O44% PLACE THE DISK THAT WAS FOR-O_4& O44 MATTED IN LESSON 1 IN DRIVE 1O_4p04 O44  HAVE THE DISK THAT WAS FORMAT-O_4 O44v TED IN LESSON 1 READY.O_4}g04 O44= THE ORIGINAL OWL-WARE DISK INO_4= O44 DRIVE 0 IS THE SOURCE DISKO_4 O44ԍ WHICH WILL BE COPIED TO THEO_4 O44 DISK FROM LESSON 1.O_442bO4Y&04 BACKUP0TO12b04BACKUP02b04 FOLLOW THE SCREEN DIRECTIONSO_40 O44 FOR MAKING THE BACKUP AFTERO_4 O44ƍ TYPING THE COMMAND.O_404 O44 TO MAKE YOUR BACKUP, TYPE THEO_4 O44Z FOLLOWING COMMAND:O_4e O44/04O_4J40442dO4Y&ӷ4 ө4O_2\5%`4@3d2HFD044P2d040444O__&\K2\54@3d2HFD04044Z0442d4O__&\K2\54@3dO_E0 4O_.@04&-04O_'04CS.E2\54@3d2}MD4O__'\YH4]'D4 DB4 BB0 F0 H40 _'\O4D40 _'\]'mH0 D0 H4]5'DV1?&ZZ4.ZZZ0 Y]'#0 442d0 4O__&\M2\54@3d2~O_G2~0442d5]'h040Z44Y2f02~0 44400442j5GO_0044 2d0442d2\54@3d2O_I2~0442d5]'0V4B4704,}2~0V4b0&4Y42i52~0V4?0464H42i5PO_T4 4 5T.+P4.2\5PRR00OPTT 2b4 452b P4.\P44,2\54&,04404b2b,2\52~04R4P44442l5]'00I2\54@3d2zO_G2~044Y2d5]'/XXZZ00OXX4.X4V2~04Z4X4V4 44`2l5]'V4O_'0000000O_00442d0V044 2d04O_&[0CS000V002~0 44400442j5G2\54@3d2~O_E2~0442d5]'Z04Z.040.10442d0442d04O_'2\504Z005000 00ZZr2b044'2d04O__&\E2\54@3d2z04O_&040Z442f04O_&Z4O_4O_5 Z4 OX0442d00044{2d04O_&dX4/*X00OVX45000 VX 2~0 44400442j5]'2\5dzd{dQf94@3d2w0B44O_40S44$2j2~0S44d2d5I2\54@3d0B4`U;/&2~0B4EP:ή42i5I$2~0B4P4h2i5I2\550o$4"44ni55552cnd &A42y42d2o50n4@3bO_D*"2oA1FD4&B46<2jMAO_46 b2^5@52knmc'bb9bb9bHM/0b` 954@ oJ&Cn0B1J&02I5@52gn4601'Z&54601'Z&54%(54hiiiiiJ&54%(54dfffffJ&540m&J&o5b& MHG4HG'- ,A0M @0M ,(0J&00M9bb0M1M+ #"4601!&J&5464愦砧j&2a51i0b* m*H4H& '% 52nn|0M MBMBB1B ' 0Mj J'X00B 90M&@01MD$xMBMLBB1 0M?$lH  J'0U0BP 502y40b z0b2y42d0i5Z&92zocodoao e0lojbu '+'-&cl&m'lc .&QZ&m&jc E&%?+'-&ja30-9.0d4 =d dma'@ce'J&2f9jd+92b ف0-9.mg'0bb' jgoO9jdig4v42wCM/RHGGHACEmJ+I 6I-4 / JIIH-jGE+mG*-`GG/L ,:2K5O*jI& IJmH/LHJ-'J&m *-0ĦH/". 0.mH'mJ'jJ'lH+J9M/TTTT0J&90 0" 9  @ N9} ' j ;}*}} 'z & 0 @;46 464 1"(- @& & ~ I'K禆H&y&uJ1_ 0}H s PH&H&1?& !K瀷@ H&1?& K@  K H|'#dja' ~ oH4' dx 2b51?'H&9зH}H9".1?&9@4om&#1 '1 j&l -چ2a5-.+ 454S54G"-l'  C#54m&:l/ C"* OC#&'5 m&6{94'&#o -4oL51ojM*546Zm&1m& 1'L'1 Z&l -݆5 0Z&b15+,-o.o/C54&o 11' l)'lllJ*2a5 \'\94&o1 ,"'̍ 'č' 4\'LC/52a54'*54m&lm&O_-<54&m&#lm&1 . hm&+_J&Z,.N5So *L' L+  d'4E2d2jn *L& #m'o ޮj11Z&fjd0 ' #Z&hj⦠'N ':'/& a a ,laj& *J'%+'-'O J'0+ . -&Pl 2b9 df9gd!'9m&og9ogd'9-m&  &lg9do'9o *XL&m'9d&''o4 1-& &2b95 2q40&<&7 ' ','1dod'ld& ' ',&O5502onf&A46 r2d52ob' 52dnd&&50n4&54 ' '5b&k& &{50ndb'0&2bd42d50nfdo&%& 'c$l 52dn4&_5 L+-m& *L' h_9+  4@3bO_B*2BA4DAFO_46/2^5@Tf0db4652dnb0 O_4656n fdc'?$c_M' &1!J&]' 1 &Z 52dn 4v \+7' 9m&733˦\'m *&Z  \') OO55db'0&2bd42d50ndm&'o1f&1!&9d 465dOf9fd946M' 0&J&542|ocvv&7ĎROJbbI$blaa\'lcM'D$0'0/0] /$070,j+/@M& @Y& XM'\d^o,L&b%a& &s mc'vW&X"od2d5}+@9C@9vRZ&9^_ [ ] 0 \@0&9462~oƏoa1O_&voa& ja+g & 4X5 'A''! '/\'l9 m'1?j+ m'1?j  2b54' '& 'B %MM+ @-`-߈@ '5` `&% 큌% ``큌%CH'' &' 5d݈944"&P__DYja&5 & 5X 4594&U'& m& ' 1l&6m&54610Z&oZ&b'_54&:O_m& m*5!!94"!!1?&P54oI/"%%j' "%l`&ا5 !ց" 9o9m& % $9$%9 V9Fj&9ց94&2~1OF<&٧ԧo䫈am' aaj&􍵠a'2b54&"U44j&2a<*_$M' 1j& Uo54&a1[4 134  d& b# b%X$2d5ʺzjRB2"  "2BRjdb'obd45O1'Z&2dnodlO1c 4fd#]' & Z 52dndomg'ijO0 " l\jg&9hOf-)d,dd'4g0e15J&d92~hg'#\O00 ?1# j' 䦀Z&2b92~ojokfO1f1!fh'lk" &Z&2b9ok 4@fhd&1?&5@52fn56CS244@3d0&54@fhd1?& mf*lcO_ffmh*jcO_hh9ooofh=eh=fg=mb'O_c2inoomf*l䍨4O_hiihYIf%fli0&5d'O_cc'O_dd946oM*lO_aa f'14Z&b 4&a*@0 jd' b&me'-2e2a5gdhf9hdfXIXIfDVZ砦g946oM'TTTTJ'& 2a56909/9ofogdo'@ &j& 4-&ja 0+ "iXIiXIXIihj&ma'O_hh2b95b,52dn"9d9@d#* O_d9* b&me'-2e2a5gdhf9hdfXIXIfDVZ砦g946oM'TTTTJ'& 2a56909/9ofogdo'@ &j& 4-&ja 0+ "iXIiXIXIihj&ma'O_hh2b95b,52dn"9d9@d#* O_d9*8 I1 5/ "GREETINGS FROM OWL-WARE"7 IEDITOR":" 2) PASCAL":" 3) LINKER":" 4) ASSEMBLER":" 5) DIR0":" 6) DIR1"::" WHICH PROGRAM";AA 100,200,300,400,500,600:20dM"EDITOR"::M"PASCAL"::C$:,M"LINKER":: PROGRAMO_4?)[@PO_X04 O44ENTER DISK DRIVE NUMBER >O_42b040V44V4CS_,\O4V4_/\CS]'04YOU HAVE NOT ENTERED A VALIDO_4} O44GDRIVE NUMBER. PRESS O_4I O44 TO TRY AGAINO_4%2b04044J044@2dO_[[CS]'044@2d04DISK IN DRIVE O_4V44c BEING VERIFIEDO_4O_T"4T.R4R.2~V4T4R4044@V2j5ZZCS]'qP44@_2dX4X04ERROR READING TRACK O_4T44  SECTOR O_4R44P4 PP44@2d04READING TRACK O_4T44O  SECTOR O_4R441nRR2bTT2b04 THERE WERE O_4OX44 ERRORS READING DRIVE O_4V442\5%`4@3d2HFD044P2d04044p4O__&\K2\54@3d2HFD04044+0442d4O__&\K2\54@3dO_E0 4O_.@04&-04O_'04CS.E2\54@3d2}MD4O__'\YH4]'D4 DB4 BB0 F0 H40 _'\O4D40 _'\]'mH0 D0 H4]5'DV1?&ZZ4.ZZZ0 Y]'#0 442d0 4O__&\M2\54@3d2~O_G2~0442d5]'h040Z44Y2f02~0 44400442j5GO_0044 2d0442d2\54@3d2O_I2~0442d5]'0V4B4704,}2~0V4b0&4Y42i52~0V4?0464H42i5PO_T4 45T.+P4.2\5PRR00OPTT 2b4 452b P4.\P44,2\54&,04404b2b,2\52~04R4P44442l5]'00I2\54@3d2zO_G2~044Y2d5]'/XXZZ00OXX4.X4V2~04Z4X4V4 44`2l5]'V4O_:4P" ߎ0C&r44"z0Nr0qo0&0 ̧43~4@NP2"5큌%5r55B%5큌%5r$n4@3d2044@Q2d04 O44=OWL-WARE DISK VERIFY PROGRAMO_4?)[@PO_X04 O44ENTER DISK DRIVE NUMBER >O_42b040V44V4CS_,\O4V4_/\CS]'04YOU HAVE NOT ENTERED A VALIDO_4} O44GDRIVE NUMBER. PRESS O_4I O44 TO TRY AGAINO_4%2b04044J044@2dO_[[CS]'044@2d04DISK IN DRIVE O_4V44c BEING VERIFIEDO_4O_T"4T.R4R.2~V4T4R4044@V2j5ZZCS]'qP44@_2dX4X04ERROR READING TRACK O_4T44  SECTOR O_4R44P4 PP44@2d04READING TRACK O_4T44O  SECTOR O_4R441nRR2bTT2b04 THERE WERE O_4OX44 ERRORS READING DRIVE O_4V442\5%`4@3d2HFD044P2d04044p4O__&\K2\54@3d2HFD04044+0442d4O__&\K2\54@3dO_E0 4O_.@04&-04O_'04CS.E2\54@3d2}MD4O__'\YH4]'D4 DB4 BB0 F0 H40 _'\O4D40 _'\]'mH0 D0 H4]5'DV1?&ZZ4.ZZZ0 Y]'#0 442d0 4O__&\M2\54@3d2~O_G2~0442d5]'h040Z44Y2f02~0 44400442j5GO_0044 2d0442d2\54@3d2O_I2~0442d5]'0V4B4704,}2~0V4b0&4Y42i52~0V4?0464H42i5PO_T4 45T.+P4.2\5PRR00OPTT 2b4 452b P4.\P44,2\54&,04404b2b,2\52~04R4P44442l5]'00I2\54@3d2zO_G2~044Y2d5]'/XXZZ00OXX4.X4V2~04Z4X4V4 44`2l5]'V4O_'0000000O_00442d0V044 2d04O_&[0CS000V002~0 44400442j5G2\54@3d2~O_E2~0442d5]'Z04Z.040.10442d0442d04O_'2\504Z005000 00ZZr2b044'2d04O__&\E2\54@3d2z04O_&040Z442f04O_&Z4O_4O_5 Z4 OX0442d00044{2d04O_&dX4/*X00OVX45000 VX 2~0 44400442j5]'2\5dzd{dQf94@3d2w0B44O_40S44$2j2~0S4452d5I2\54@3d0B4`U;/&2~0B4EP:ή42i5I$2~0B4P4h2i5I2\550o$4"44ni55552cnd &A42y42d2o50n4@3bO_D*"2oA1FD4&B46<2jMAO_46 b2^5@52knmc'bb9bb9bHM/0b` 954@ oJ&Cn0B1J&02I5@52gn4601'Z&54601'Z&54%(54hiiiiiJ&54%(54dfffffJ&540m&J&o5b& MHG4HG'- ,A0M @0M ,(0J&00M9bb0M1M+ #"4601!&J&5464愦砧j&2a51i0b* m*H4H& '% 52nn|0M MBMBB1B ' 0Mj J'X00B 90M&@01MD$xMBMLBB1 0M?$lH  J'0U0BP 502y40b K0b2y42d0i5Z&92zocodoao e0lojbu '+'-&cl&m'lc .&QZ&m&jc E&%?+'-&ja30-9.0d4 =d dma'@ce'J&2f9jd+92b ف0-9.mg'0bb' jgoO9jdig4v42wCM/RHGGHACEmJ+I 6I-4 / JIIH-jGE+mG*-`GG/L ,:2K5O*jI& IJmH/LHJ-'J&m *-0ĦH/". 0.mH'mJ'jJ'lH+J9M/TTTT0J&90 0" 9  @ N9} ' j ;}*}} 'z & 0 @;46 464 1"(- @& & ~ I'K禆H&y&uJ1_ 0}H s PH&H&1?& !K瀷@ H&1?& K@  K H|'#dja' ~ oH4' dx 2b51?'H&9зH}H9".1?&9@4om&#1 '1 j&l -چ2a5-.+ 454S54G"-l'  C#54m&:l/ C"* OC#&'5 m&6{94'&#o -4oL51ojM*546Zm&1m& 1'L'1 Z&l -݆5 0Z&b15+,-o.o/C54&o 11' l)'lllJ*2a5 \'\94&o1 ,"'̍ 'č' 4\'LC/52a54'*54m&lm&O_-<54&m&#lm&1 . hm&+_J&Z,.N5So *L' L+  d'4E2d2jn *L& #m'o ޮj11Z&fjd0 ' #Z&hj⦠'N ':'/& a a ,laj& *J'%+'-'O J'0+ . -&Pl 2b9 df9gd!'9m&og9ogd'9-m&  &lg9do'9o *XL&m'9d&''o4 1-& &2b95 2q40&<&7 ' ','1dod'ld& ' ',&O5502onf&A46C2d52ob' 52dnd&&50n4&54 ' '5b&k& &{50ndb'0&2bd42d50nfdo&%& 'c$l 52dn4&_5 L+-m& *L' h_9+  4@3bO_B*2BA4D~AFO_46/2^5@Tf0db4652dnb0 O_4656n fdc'?$c_M' &1!J&]' 1 &Z 52dn 4v \+7' 9m&733˦\'m *&Z  \') OO55db'0&2bd42d50ndm&'o1f&1!&9d 465dOf9fd946M' 0&J&542|ocvv&7ĎROJbbI$blaa\'lcM'D$0'0/0] /$070,j+/@M& @Y& XM'\d^o,L&b%a& &s mc'vW&X"od2d5}+@9C@9vRZ&9^_ [ ] 0 \@0&9462~oƏoa1O_&voa& ja+g & 4X5 'A''! 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FOR A WILD CARD IF ALL PROGRAMS OF A SPECIFIC TYPE ARE TO BE COPIED"'02:"WHAT IS THE SOURCE DRIVE";A'P<"WHAT IS THE COPY DRIVE";B'zF:"DO YOU NEED A DIRECTORY (Y/N)";Y$'PY$"Y" A'Z"PRESS <> TO CONTINUE";X$(%d:"WHAT IS THE FILE NAME";A$: (A$) 8 "FILE NAME IS TOO LONG.":" PRESS <> TO CONTINUE":X$:100(yn"WHAT IS THE EXTENSION NAME";B$: (B$) 3 "REDO - LENGTH IS WRONG":110(x (A$"?") (A$"(?)") A$"?":140( (A$) 8 A$A$" ":130( (B$"?")(B$"(?)") B$"?":170) (B$) 3 B$B$" ":150). MAIN PROGRAM FOLLOWS)I C311:A,17,C,C$,D$)U D07)yD4 E$C$:ED : E$D$:ED4)F$(E$,1E32,8):G$(E$,9E32,3))҅(F$,1)(255)D7:C11:300)܅(F$,1)(0)300*(A$F$) (A$"?") H$F$:TEST$"TRUE": TEST$"FALSAE"*t((B$G$) (B$"?")) 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